Bartholomae's law

Bartholomae's law is an Indo-Iranian sound change in which a voiced aspirated stop assimilates in voicing and aspiration to a following voiceless stop.

Regressive assimilation: A sound change in which a later sound alters an earlier sound. The following stop triggers the change in the preceding voiced aspirate.
Proto-Indo-Iranian: The reconstructed ancestor of the Indo-Aryan and Iranian language branches. The law belongs to the shared historical development of these branches.
Sanskrit: An ancient Indo-Aryan language preserved in extensive religious, literary, and grammatical texts. Its inflected forms provide evidence used to identify the law.
Christian Bartholomae: A German Indo-Europeanist known for research on Iranian languages and Indo-Iranian historical phonology. The sound law bears his name.
Voiced aspirated stop: A stop consonant produced with vocal-fold vibration and a strong release of breath. This is the segment whose features change under the law.
Indo-Iranian languages: The Indo-Aryan and Iranian branches of the Indo-European language family. This is the language group in which the sound change operates.
Sanskrit reduplication: The repetition of material in Sanskrit word formation, especially in perfect and intensive verb forms. Reduplicated forms expose consonant sequences affected by Indo-Iranian sound laws.
Comparative method: A procedure for reconstructing language history by comparing systematic correspondences among related languages. Regular cross-language correspondences make the law and its historical conditions recoverable.
Voiceless stop: A stop consonant produced without vocal-fold vibration. Its position after the affected consonant conditions the assimilation.
Proto-Indo-European phonology: The reconstructed sound system of Proto-Indo-European, the ancestor of the Indo-European languages. Its consonant contrasts provide the historical background for Indo-Iranian developments.

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