Battery

A battery is an electrochemical device that stores chemical energy and converts it into electrical energy through reactions within one or more cells.

Electrochemical cell: A device in which chemical reactions transfer electrons through an external circuit and ions through an electrolyte. Each cell in a battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
Electric charge: A fundamental property of matter that causes electromagnetic interactions and is measured in coulombs. Battery capacity describes how much charge a cell can deliver.
Lithium-ion battery: A rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move between intercalation electrodes during charge and discharge. Its high energy density makes it common in phones, laptops, and electric vehicles.
Primary cell: An electrochemical cell designed for one discharge cycle rather than routine recharging. Primary cells contrast with batteries designed to be recharged repeatedly.
Battery management system: Electronics that monitor and control a battery pack’s cells, temperature, and operating limits. It helps prevent unsafe conditions and maintain performance across a pack.
Electrode: An electrically conductive material through which electrons enter or leave an electrochemical system. Electrode reactions at a battery’s anode and cathode drive its current.
Electric current: The rate at which electric charge passes a point in a circuit. Current measures the rate at which a battery supplies charge.
Lead–acid battery: A rechargeable battery whose electrodes use lead compounds and whose electrolyte is sulfuric acid. It remains widely used for vehicle starting and backup power.
Fuel cell: An electrochemical device that generates electricity from continuously supplied fuel and oxidant. Unlike a battery, it relies on externally supplied reactants rather than storing all active material inside.
Thermal runaway: A self-accelerating temperature rise caused by heat-generating processes within a material or device. In some batteries, it can trigger fire or propagate from cell to cell.

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