Battle of al-Qadisiyyah

A battle fought around 636 in which Arab Muslim forces defeated a Sasanian army in Iraq. The victory helped open the way for the conquest of Sasanian Persia.

Rashidun Caliphate: The early Islamic state ruled by Muhammad’s successors from 632 to 661. Its forces fought at al-Qadisiyyah as part of the campaigns against Sasanian rule.
Muslim conquest of Persia: The series of campaigns through which Arab Muslim forces brought the Sasanian Empire under Islamic rule. Al-Qadisiyyah was a pivotal early battle in this wider conquest.
Conquest of Ctesiphon: The capture of the Sasanian capital by Arab Muslim forces in 637. Al-Qadisiyyah cleared the route toward Ctesiphon, which fell soon afterward.
Al-Tabari: A ninth- and tenth-century Muslim historian and scholar whose universal history preserves extensive accounts of early Islamic history. His narrative is a major source for the battle’s reported speeches, episodes, and chronology.
Sasanian Empire: The last pre-Islamic Persian empire, which ruled from 224 to 651. Its army defended Iraq against the advancing Arab Muslim forces.
Ridda Wars: Conflicts from 632 to 633 in which the first caliphate suppressed rebellions across Arabia. Their conclusion freed Rashidun forces to pursue expansion beyond Arabia.
Battle of Jalula: A battle in 637 in which Arab Muslim forces defeated Sasanian troops near Jalula in Iraq. It extended Muslim control in Iraq after the Sasanian defeat at al-Qadisiyyah.
Ferdowsi: A Persian poet who composed the epic Shahnameh around the turn of the eleventh century. His epic recounts the defeat and death of Rostam in a Persian literary tradition.
Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas: A companion of Muhammad and Arab Muslim commander who led forces at al-Qadisiyyah. He commanded the Muslim army, directing it during the battle.
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628: The final major war between the Byzantine and Sasanian empires, ending in 628. Its costs and political upheaval left the Sasanian state vulnerable before the Arab invasions.

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