Battle of Artemisium

A series of naval engagements in 480 BCE between Greek and Persian forces off northern Euboea during Xerxes I’s invasion of Greece. The Greeks withdrew after learning that the Persians had broken through at Thermopylae.

Trireme: An ancient galley propelled mainly by three banks of oars and used extensively in Greek naval warfare. Greek and Persian fleets relied on triremes in the engagements off Euboea.
Greco-Persian Wars: A series of conflicts between the Persian Empire and Greek states, beginning in the early fifth century BCE. Artemisium was one engagement in the wars’ second Persian invasion of Greece.
Eurybiades: A Spartan commander who led the Greek fleet during the Persian invasion of 480 BCE. He held overall command of the allied fleet at Artemisium.
Battle of Salamis: A naval battle in 480 BCE in which the Greek fleet defeated the Persian fleet near Athens. After withdrawing from Artemisium, the Greek fleet fought again at Salamis.
Diekplous: An ancient naval maneuver in which a ship rowed through an enemy formation before turning to attack its stern. Greek crews used formation-breaking maneuvers against the larger Persian fleet.
Xerxes I: The Achaemenid king of Persia from 486 to 465 BCE, who led the invasion of Greece in 480 BCE. His invasion sent the Persian fleet into the Aegean and toward Artemisium.
Aristides: An Athenian statesman and general known as Aristides the Just, active during the Greco-Persian Wars. He served in the Greek fleet during the campaign that included Artemisium.
Second Persian invasion of Greece: Xerxes I’s campaign against Greece in 480–479 BCE, involving Persian land and naval forces. The battle’s retreat changed the Greek fleet’s immediate position within this invasion.
Naval ramming: A naval attack in which a ship strikes an opponent with a reinforced bow. Ramming was a central way triremes damaged enemy ships in close combat.
Battle of Marathon: A battle in 490 BCE in which an Athenian-led Greek force defeated a Persian landing army. The earlier Persian defeat helped shape the later invasion under Xerxes.

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