Battle of Hohenlinden

A French victory over Austrian and Bavarian forces on 3 December 1800, during the War of the Second Coalition. The battle helped force Austria to seek peace with France.

Jean Victor Marie Moreau: A French general who commanded the Army of the Rhine during the French Revolutionary Wars. His coordinated counterattack defeated the advancing coalition army at Hohenlinden.
Armistice of Steyr: An armistice concluded between France and Austria on 25 December 1800. French victories after Hohenlinden compelled Austria to suspend hostilities at Steyr.
French Revolutionary Wars: A series of conflicts between revolutionary France and European powers from 1792 to 1802. Hohenlinden was fought during the wars’ closing struggle with Austria.
Hohenlinden: A municipality in Upper Bavaria, Germany, east of Munich. The village gave the battle its name and lay near the fighting’s central sector.
Archduke John of Austria: An Austrian archduke and general who commanded the coalition army at Hohenlinden. His advance along forest roads left coalition columns vulnerable to French attacks.
Treaty of Lunéville: A 1801 peace treaty between France and Austria that ended the War of the Second Coalition in continental Europe. It formalized the settlement made urgent by Austria’s defeat at Hohenlinden.
Electorate of Bavaria: A state of the Holy Roman Empire whose territory covered much of present-day Bavaria. The battle was fought on Bavarian territory, with Bavarian troops alongside Austria.
Christmas Song (Longfellow poem): A poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, published in 1865, that includes the lines “On Linden, when the sun was low.” Its opening stanza commemorates the battle through vivid images of winter warfare.
Battle of the Ampfing: A battle fought on 1 December 1800 between French and Austrian forces near Ampfing in Bavaria. Its Austrian success encouraged the advance that led directly to Hohenlinden.
Battle of the Trebbia: A June 1799 battle in northern Italy in which Russian and Austrian forces defeated a French army. Its coalition victory contrasts with the French reversal of fortunes at Hohenlinden.

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