Battle of Philippi

The two battles fought near Philippi in Macedonia in 42 BCE, in which Mark Antony and Octavian defeated the forces of Brutus and Cassius, ending the main military resistance to Caesar’s assassins.

First Battle of Philippi: The first engagement near Philippi in 42 BCE, fought between the forces of Brutus and Cassius and those of Antony and Octavian. Brutus captured Octavian’s camp while Antony took Cassius’s camp; Cassius then died believing the battle lost.
Assassination of Julius Caesar: The killing of Roman dictator Julius Caesar by a group of senators on 15 March 44 BCE. The assassins’ attempt to restore the Republic instead triggered the conflict that culminated at Philippi.
Roman Republic: The system of government that ruled Rome through elected magistrates, popular assemblies, and the Senate before imperial rule. Philippi weakened the Republic’s remaining armed defenders but did not formally abolish its institutions.
Death of Cassius: The suicide of Cassius Longinus after the first Battle of Philippi in 42 BCE. Cassius mistook a report of Brutus’s setback for total defeat and died before learning the full situation.
Second Battle of Philippi: The second engagement near Philippi in 42 BCE, in which Antony and Octavian defeated Brutus’s army. Weeks after the first fight, Antony’s forces broke Brutus’s position and ended organized resistance.
Liberators' Civil War: The Roman civil war fought from 43 to 42 BCE between Caesar’s assassins and the forces of the Second Triumvirate. Philippi was the war’s decisive campaign and ended its main military phase.
Battle of Actium: The naval battle of 31 BCE in which Octavian defeated the forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Philippi left Antony and Octavian as dominant rivals whose later conflict ended at Actium.
Death of Brutus: The suicide of Marcus Junius Brutus after the second Battle of Philippi in 42 BCE. After his army’s defeat, Brutus died rather than be captured by the victors.
Mark Antony: A Roman general and politician who became one of the leading figures in the power struggle after Julius Caesar’s assassination. Antony drove the fighting and achieved the decisive victory in the second engagement.
Second Triumvirate: The political and military alliance of Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus, formally established in 43 BCE. The triumvirs combined their power and armies to pursue Caesar’s assassins.

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