Battle of Pydna

The Battle of Pydna was a Roman victory over Macedon in 168 BCE that ended the Antigonid kingdom’s power in Greece and brought the Third Macedonian War to a close.

Macedonian phalanx: A dense infantry formation armed chiefly with long sarissas, used by Macedonian armies. Its uneven ground and broken ranks gave Roman soldiers openings at Pydna.
Third Macedonian War: A war between Rome and the Antigonid kingdom of Macedon from 171 to 168 BCE. Pydna was its decisive battle and brought the conflict to an end.
Roman Macedon: The Roman province established in Macedon after Rome’s conquest of the kingdom. It followed the battle and replaced Antigonid rule with Roman provincial government.
Battle of Cynoscephalae: A Roman victory over Macedon in 197 BCE that ended the Second Macedonian War. Like Pydna, it exposed the phalanx’s vulnerability to Roman flexibility on broken terrain.
Roman legion: The principal military unit of ancient Rome, organized into cohorts and maniples. Its smaller, more flexible units fought effectively when the phalanx lost cohesion.
Antigonid kingdom: A Hellenistic monarchy founded by Antigonus I Monophthalmus and centered in Macedon. Its last king lost power after the defeat at Pydna.
Aemilius Paullus's triumph: The triumph celebrated at Rome in 167 BCE for Lucius Aemilius Paullus’s victory over Macedon. Its procession displayed the spoils and captives of the victory at Pydna.
Battle of Magnesia: A Roman victory over the Seleucid king Antiochus III in 190 BCE. It offers another case of Rome defeating a Hellenistic army before Pydna.
Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus: A Roman consul and commander who defeated Perseus of Macedon at Pydna in 168 BCE. His command shaped Rome’s tactics and victory in the battle.
Eumenes II: The king of Pergamon from 197 to 159 BCE and a Roman ally during the Third Macedonian War. Rome’s alliance with Pergamon formed part of the political setting for the conflict.

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