Battle of the Allia

The Battle of the Allia was a Roman defeat by Senones led by Brennus near the Allia River, traditionally dated to 390 or 387 BCE. The victory opened the route to the Gallic sack of Rome.

Senones: The Senones were a Celtic people who settled in northern Italy and parts of Gaul. Their forces under Brennus defeated the Roman army at the Allia.
Livy: Livy was a Roman historian whose history of Rome was written during the reign of Augustus. His account is the fullest surviving narrative of the battle and its aftermath.
Roman recovery after the Gallic sack: Roman recovery after the Gallic sack was the city's rebuilding and renewed political and military expansion. Roman tradition presented recovery as the response to the crisis that began at the Allia.
Battle of the Caudine Forks: The Battle of the Caudine Forks was a Roman surrender to Samnites in 321 BCE, without a conventional battlefield defeat. Like the Allia, it became a defining Roman humiliation, but its outcome was negotiated surrender.
Brennus: Brennus was the leader of the Senones during their invasion of Roman territory in the fourth century BCE. Ancient accounts identify him as commander of the victorious Gallic force.
Diodorus Siculus: Diodorus Siculus was a Greek historian who wrote a universal history in the first century BCE. His version provides an account independent of Livy's Roman narrative.
Capitoline resistance: Capitoline resistance was the defense of Rome's citadel during the Senones' occupation of the city. It represents the continued Roman resistance after the army's defeat.
Battle of Cannae: The Battle of Cannae was a Roman defeat by Hannibal in 216 BCE during the Second Punic War. It was another catastrophic Roman defeat, recorded in a much richer historical setting.
Roman army: The Roman army was the armed force of the Roman state, organized for campaigns and territorial defense. Its defeat at the river exposed Rome to the advancing Senones.
Roman chronology: Roman chronology is the reconstruction of dates and sequence for events in early Rome. The battle is traditionally dated to 390 BCE, while some chronologies place it in 387 or 386 BCE.

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