Battle of Varna

The Battle of Varna was an Ottoman victory over a crusading army led by Władysław III of Poland and Hungary near Varna, Bulgaria, on 10 November 1444.

Władysław III of Poland: Władysław III was king of Poland and Hungary and led the crusading army at Varna. His charge against the Ottoman center ended in his death and helped decide the battle.
Treaty of Szeged: The Treaty of Szeged was a 1444 agreement between Murad II and the Hungarian crown that was soon repudiated. Its breakdown helped precipitate the renewed crusading campaign that reached Varna.
Fall of Constantinople: The Fall of Constantinople was the Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine capital in 1453. Varna’s outcome weakened prospects for a coordinated Christian offensive before the later conquest.
John Hunyadi: John Hunyadi was a Hungarian nobleman and military leader who became regent of Hungary. He is often confused with Jan Hunyadi, the commander who fought at Varna; these names designate the same person.
Murad II: Murad II was an Ottoman sultan whose reign included the victory at Varna. He commanded Ottoman forces in the campaign and battle.
Pope Eugene IV: Pope Eugene IV was head of the Catholic Church from 1431 to 1447. He supported the renewed campaign against the Ottomans after the truce.
Kingdom of Hungary: The Kingdom of Hungary was a medieval and early modern state in central Europe. The loss of its king at Varna deepened a political crisis in the Hungarian realm.
Kingdom of Poland: The Kingdom of Poland was a medieval state in central Europe ruled by the Piast and Jagiellonian dynasties. Władysław brought Polish royal authority into the campaign against the Ottomans.
Jan Hunyadi: Jan Hunyadi was a Hungarian military commander and statesman who fought the Ottoman Empire. He directed much of the crusader army’s fighting after Władysław’s fatal attack.
George Branković: George Branković was the Serbian despot whose lands lay between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. His diplomatic choices and territory shaped the campaign’s route and political context.

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