Biblical translation

Biblical translation is the rendering of biblical texts from Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek into other languages. It involves choices about wording, interpretation, style, and the intended use of a translation.

Formal equivalence: A translation approach that prioritizes preserving source-language wording and structure. It favors close correspondence to the biblical source text.
Septuagint: An ancient Greek translation of Jewish scriptures, produced over several centuries before the Common Era. It is the earliest major translation of the Hebrew scriptures.
Jerome: A Christian scholar who translated much of the Bible into Latin in the late fourth century. His work became the core of the Western Latin Bible.
King James Version: An English Bible published in 1611 by teams working under the authority of James I. Its distinctive English style made it one of the most influential Bible translations.
Reformation: A sixteenth-century movement that divided Western Christianity and reshaped European religious life. Vernacular Bible translations helped fuel its challenges to church authority.
Dynamic equivalence: A translation approach that prioritizes conveying a text’s meaning in natural target-language expressions. It makes sense the source text’s meaning rather than mirroring its form.
Targum: An Aramaic translation or interpretive paraphrase of Jewish scripture. Targums show how scripture was translated and explained for Aramaic-speaking communities.
Martin Luther: A German theologian whose Bible translation helped shape written German and Reformation Christianity. His vernacular translation made scripture central to German religious life.
New International Version: A modern English Bible first published in full in 1978 by an international committee of scholars. It exemplifies a widely used translation aimed at clear contemporary English.
Language standardization: The process by which a language develops widely accepted forms for writing and public use. Influential Bible editions helped stabilize forms of German and English.

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