Bilingualism

Bilingualism is the ability to use two languages, whether equally or with differing levels of proficiency. It can describe individuals, communities, or institutions.

Language proficiency: The degree to which someone can understand, speak, read, or write a language. Bilingual ability can be uneven across languages and across these skills.
Language processing: The mental processes used to comprehend and produce spoken or written language. Bilingualism involves processing either language, often while the other remains available.
Bilingual education: Education that uses two languages for teaching or learning. It organizes instruction around students' abilities in two languages.
Bilingual language development: The development of language knowledge and use in people exposed to two languages. It examines how bilingual children acquire vocabulary and grammar across both languages.
Receptive bilingualism: The ability to understand a language without being able to speak it fluently. Understanding a second language can count as bilingual ability even when speech is limited.
Bilingual language mode: A state in which a bilingual person's languages are activated to different degrees by the communication context. It helps explain why language choice shifts with the people and setting involved.
Translanguaging: The flexible use of a multilingual person's linguistic resources to make meaning and communicate. It offers an approach to teaching that draws on students' full language repertoires.
Cognitive reserve: The capacity to maintain cognitive function despite brain aging or damage, supported by experience and adaptability. Research has investigated whether lifelong bilingual experience is associated with later-life cognitive resilience.
Simultaneous bilingualism: The acquisition of two languages from early childhood, typically through regular exposure to both. It describes one path by which bilingual ability develops.
Language attrition: The decline of a language ability after reduced exposure or use. Unequal practice can change a bilingual person's proficiency over time.

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