Biofouling

Biofouling is the unwanted accumulation of microorganisms, plants, and animals on submerged surfaces and structures. It can impair performance, damage materials, and spread invasive species.

Microbial adhesion: The attachment of microorganisms to surfaces through physical forces and molecular interactions. Initial microbial attachment often establishes the foundation for later fouling.
Antifouling paint: A coating designed to prevent or limit the attachment and growth of organisms on submerged surfaces. Ships use these coatings to reduce hull fouling and preserve performance.
Ship resistance: The force opposing a vessel’s motion through water. Hull growth increases drag, so ships need more power and fuel to maintain speed.
Fouling-release coating: A low-adhesion coating that makes attached organisms easier to remove, often through water flow. Unlike toxic antifouling paints, it aims to release organisms rather than kill them.
Antifouling biocide: A chemical agent used in coatings or treatments to kill or inhibit fouling organisms. Biocides can control attachment, but their persistence and ecological effects remain concerns.
Biofilm: A surface-associated community of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced matrix. Biofilms form an early layer that encourages further organism settlement.
Tributyltin: An organotin compound formerly used widely in marine antifouling paints. Its effectiveness came with severe ecological effects and international restrictions.
Invasive species: Organisms introduced beyond their native range that establish and cause ecological, economic, or other harm. Fouled vessel hulls can transport organisms between otherwise separated ecosystems.
Antimicrobial surface: A material surface designed to kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth. It targets microbes, while broader antifouling approaches may address plants and animals too.
Copper pollution: Environmental contamination by copper at concentrations that can harm organisms or ecosystems. Copper released from coatings accumulates in some heavily trafficked harbors.

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