Biomolecular & subcellular processes

Biomolecular and subcellular processes are molecular interactions and activities within cells, including the functions and regulation of biomolecules and cellular structures.

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Enzyme catalysis: The acceleration of chemical reactions by enzymes through lowering activation energy. Catalysis is a central way proteins drive cellular chemical transformations.
Protein: A polymer of amino acids that folds into structures with specific biological functions. Proteins perform much of the binding, catalysis, transport, and regulation involved.
CRISPR gene editing: A genome-editing approach that uses guide RNAs and CRISPR-associated proteins to alter targeted DNA sequences. It harnesses a natural molecular targeting system for deliberate DNA modification.
Protein misfolding: The adoption of an abnormal protein structure that can impair function or promote aggregation. Misfolded proteins can overwhelm quality-control systems and damage cells.
Systems biology: An approach that studies biological components and their interactions as integrated, dynamic systems. It seeks to explain how many molecular activities combine into cellular behavior.
Protein–protein interaction: A specific physical association between two or more proteins. These associations assemble complexes and connect molecular activities into pathways.
Nucleic acid: A polymer, such as DNA or RNA, that stores, transmits, or helps express genetic information. Nucleic acids provide templates and regulators for cellular molecular activity.
Pharmacology: The study of how drugs interact with biological systems and how those interactions affect organisms. Drug effects often arise from changing specific molecular interactions or cellular pathways.
Apoptosis: A regulated form of cell death involving coordinated molecular and structural changes. Its molecular machinery removes cells when continued survival would be harmful.
Single-cell analysis: Methods that measure molecular features or activities in individual cells rather than bulk populations. It exposes cell-to-cell variation hidden by measurements averaged across a population.