Bisoprolol

Bisoprolol is a beta blocker that preferentially blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to treat high blood pressure, angina, and chronic heart failure.

Beta-1 adrenergic receptor: A cell-surface receptor activated mainly by adrenaline and noradrenaline, especially in the heart and kidneys. Bisoprolol preferentially blocks this receptor, limiting sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
Hypertension: Persistently elevated arterial blood pressure that increases the risk of cardiovascular and kidney disease. Bisoprolol can lower blood pressure by reducing cardiac stimulation and renin release.
Carvedilol: A beta blocker that also blocks alpha-1 adrenergic receptors and is used in heart failure and hypertension. Unlike bisoprolol, carvedilol also produces alpha-1-mediated vasodilation.
Adrenergic receptor: A receptor activated by catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. Beta-1 receptors are one subtype within this receptor family.
Beta blocker: A class of medicines that block beta-adrenergic receptors and reduce effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Bisoprolol belongs to this broader class of medicines.
Angina pectoris: Chest discomfort caused by temporary myocardial ischemia, usually from coronary artery disease. Lower heart rate and contractility can reduce myocardial oxygen demand and angina.
Metoprolol: A beta-1-selective blocker used for several cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension and heart failure. It shares beta-1 preference with bisoprolol but differs in formulations and dosing.
Sympathetic nervous system: The autonomic nervous system division that prepares the body for activity and mobilizes energy. Bisoprolol dampens some cardiac effects of sympathetic signaling.
Cardiac output: The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Beta-1 blockade can lower heart rate and contractility, reducing cardiac output.
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Heart failure in which the left ventricle ejects a reduced proportion of its blood with each contraction. Bisoprolol is one of the beta blockers shown to improve outcomes in this heart-failure group.

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