Knowra Black nationalism Black nationalism Black nationalism is a political tradition advocating Black solidarity, self-determination, and control over Black institutions. Its movements have pursued cultural, economic, and political autonomy through varied strategies.
Martin Delany : A nineteenth-century Black American abolitionist, physician, and writer who advocated Black self-determination and emigration. His writings made Black nationhood and self-government central political claims before the Civil War.
Black self-determination : The principle that Black communities should decide their political, economic, and cultural futures. It is the tradition’s central claim about who should govern Black institutions and communities.
Integrationism : A political approach seeking equal participation and inclusion within existing social and political institutions. It differs from nationalist approaches that prioritize independent Black institutions or community control.
Black Panther Party : A revolutionary Black political organization founded in Oakland, California, in 1966. It paired Black self-determination with armed self-defense and community service programs.
Community control : The authority of local communities to govern institutions and decisions affecting their lives. Demands for community control carried nationalist self-determination into schools, policing, and local governance.
Marcus Garvey : A Jamaican-born political leader who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and promoted global Black unity. His mass movement joined racial pride, economic independence, and the aspiration for African nationhood.
Pan-Africanism : A movement promoting solidarity and cooperation among African peoples and the global African diaspora. It expands nationalist solidarity beyond any single country or Black community.
Black internationalism : Political cooperation among Black people across national borders, often organized around shared struggles and interests. It overlaps with Black nationalism but need not seek a distinct Black nation or separate institutions.
Republic of New Afrika : A Black nationalist organization founded in 1968 that advocated an independent Black republic in the American South. Its proposed territory and government made separatist nation-building a concrete political program.
Black studies : An interdisciplinary field studying the histories, cultures, and experiences of African-descended peoples. Student activism shaped by Black Power helped establish Black studies programs in universities.
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