Black Panther Party

The Black Panther Party was a Black revolutionary organization founded in Oakland, California, in 1966 to combat police brutality and advance Black self-determination.

Huey P. Newton: Huey P. Newton was an American activist who co-founded the Black Panther Party with Bobby Seale. Newton helped establish the party’s political program and armed patrols of police.
Police patrols: Police patrols are organized efforts to observe and document law-enforcement activity in public spaces. Early Panthers monitored police stops to deter abuse and inform people of their rights.
Fred Hampton: Fred Hampton was an Illinois Black Panther leader killed by police in Chicago in 1969. Hampton built alliances across racial and political lines while leading the party’s Chicago chapter.
COINTELPRO: COINTELPRO was an FBI counterintelligence program that targeted political organizations in the United States. FBI operations sought to disrupt the Panthers through surveillance, infiltration, and internal division.
Bobby Seale: Bobby Seale is an American activist who co-founded the Black Panther Party in Oakland in 1966. Seale helped organize the Oakland chapter and became the party’s first chairman.
Community survival programs: Community survival programs provide direct services while drawing attention to unmet social needs. The party paired political protest with programs such as free breakfasts and health clinics.
Eldridge Cleaver: Eldridge Cleaver was a Black Panther leader and writer who served as the party’s minister of information. His prominence and later exile reflected disputes over the party’s direction and strategy.
Fred Hampton raid: The Fred Hampton raid was a 1969 police operation that killed Hampton and Mark Clark in Chicago. The raid became a defining example of state violence against the party.
Black Power: Black Power is a movement advocating political, economic, and cultural self-determination for Black people. The party emerged from Black Power politics and gave its demands an organized, militant form.
Free Breakfast for Children Program: The Free Breakfast for Children Program provided meals to children through community-based sites. This widely replicated program showed how Panther organizing addressed immediate needs.

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