Bone marrow biopsy

A procedure that removes a small core of bone marrow for microscopic examination. It is commonly paired with aspiration, which withdraws liquid marrow for laboratory testing.

Bone marrow aspiration: A procedure that withdraws liquid bone marrow through a needle for laboratory testing. It is often performed alongside biopsy, providing cells that complement the core’s tissue architecture.
Myelodysplastic syndrome: A group of clonal bone marrow disorders that impair blood-cell production and can progress to leukemia. Core morphology can show dysplasia, cellularity, and fibrosis relevant to diagnosis.
Fine-needle aspiration: A sampling procedure that removes cells or fluid through a thin needle for examination. It collects dispersed material, whereas a marrow biopsy preserves a core’s tissue architecture.
Bone marrow: Soft tissue inside many bones that produces blood cells and supports their development. The biopsy samples this tissue to examine its cells and internal organization.
Dry tap: Failure to obtain liquid marrow during aspiration despite correct needle placement. A core biopsy can still provide diagnostic tissue when fibrosis or packed marrow prevents aspiration.
Trephine biopsy: A biopsy that uses a hollow trephine needle to remove a cylindrical core of tissue. This is the core-sampling technique used to obtain an intact marrow specimen.
Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer in which immature blood-forming cells accumulate in marrow and often blood. Biopsy can show marrow replacement when aspiration yields too few diagnostic cells.
Lymph node biopsy: A procedure that removes all or part of a lymph node for diagnostic examination. Both provide tissue for pathology, but this procedure samples a lymph node rather than marrow.
Hematopoiesis: The process by which blood cells develop from stem and progenitor cells. Marrow architecture and cell composition reflect how blood-cell production is functioning.
Bone marrow examination in children: Diagnostic sampling of a child’s marrow, performed with age-appropriate pain control and procedural support. Pediatric sampling raises distinct considerations about anesthesia, positioning, and consent.

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