Borda count

The Borda count is a ranked voting method that assigns points to alternatives according to their positions on each ballot, then selects the highest-scoring alternative.

Positional voting system: A voting system that scores candidates according to their positions in each voter's ranking. The Borda count is one member of this broader family of ranked methods.
Plurality voting: A voting method that gives each voter one vote for a single preferred alternative. It uses only first-place choices, unlike Borda’s use of the full ranking.
Jean-Charles de Borda: A French mathematician and naval officer who proposed the voting method now named for him. His 18th-century proposal gave the Borda count its name and scoring idea.
Arrow's impossibility theorem: A theorem showing that no ranked voting rule satisfies several natural fairness conditions for three or more alternatives. Borda avoids some failures only by not meeting every desirable condition.
Sports ranking: The ordering of competitors or teams based on results, ratings, or aggregated votes. Borda-style points combine placements across events or judges into an overall ranking.
Borda scoring vector: An ordered list of point values assigned to ranked positions in a positional voting system. Its values specify exactly how each ballot contributes to the Borda total.
Instant-runoff voting: A ranked voting method that repeatedly eliminates the lowest-scoring alternative and transfers ballots. It uses rankings through elimination rounds rather than adding positional points.
Académie des sciences: A French learned society founded in 1666 to advance scientific inquiry. The Borda count was used in elections to this academy.
Independence of irrelevant alternatives: A condition requiring the social choice between two alternatives to depend only on voters’ comparisons between them. Adding or removing a third option can reverse which alternative wins under Borda.
Figure skating judging: The evaluation of figure-skating performances by judges under formal scoring rules. Historical judging systems used ranked placements and point aggregation related to Borda scoring.

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