Knowra Boron group Boron group The boron group is periodic-table group 13, containing boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, and nihonium. Its elements have three valence electrons, though their bonding and metallic character vary markedly down the group.
Periodic table : A tabular arrangement of chemical elements ordered by atomic number, with recurring properties organized into rows and columns. Group 13 is one column in this arrangement.
Oxidation state : A formal charge assigned to an atom by treating its bonds as ionic. Group 13 elements commonly form +3 compounds, while heavier members also favor +1.
Aluminum alloys : Metallic materials made primarily of aluminum with additions of other elements to modify their properties. Low density and tunable strength make them widely useful in transport and construction.
Carbon group : Periodic-table group 14, containing carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, and flerovium. Its four valence electrons contrast with the three characteristic of group 13.
Valence electron : An electron in an atom’s outer shell that can participate in chemical bonding. Each group 13 element has three valence electrons.
Boron hydrides : Covalent compounds of boron and hydrogen, many of which contain electron-deficient multicenter bonds. Their bonding shows how boron compensates for having fewer electrons than conventional covalent structures require.
Gallium arsenide : A compound semiconductor made from gallium and arsenic, used in high-speed electronics and optoelectronics. It converts electrical signals and light efficiently in devices such as laser diodes.
Nitrogen group : Periodic-table group 15, containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and moscovium. The neighboring group has five valence electrons and different common bonding patterns.
Periodic trend : A recurring change in elemental properties across a period or down a group in the periodic table. Trends account for changes in size, ionization energy, and metallic character down group 13.
Diborane : A gaseous boron hydride, B₂H₆, containing two hydrogen bridges with three-center two-electron bonds. It is the classic example of electron-deficient bonding among boron compounds.
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