Bose gas

A gas of bosons whose quantum statistics allow multiple particles to occupy the same quantum state. At low temperatures, it can exhibit Bose–Einstein condensation.

Bose–Einstein statistics: The quantum statistics governing indistinguishable bosons, including their occupation of shared states. These statistics determine how particles populate the gas’s available quantum states.
Boson: A particle with integer spin that follows Bose–Einstein statistics. Every constituent of a Bose gas belongs to this particle class.
Ultracold atoms: Atoms cooled to temperatures where quantum statistics and coherent matter-wave behavior become prominent. Dilute ultracold atomic clouds provide widely used Bose-gas realizations.
Fermi gas: A gas of fermions, whose particles obey Fermi–Dirac statistics and the Pauli exclusion principle. Unlike bosons, fermions cannot share a single-particle quantum state.
Photon gas: A gas of photons whose number can change through emission and absorption. Photons are bosons, though their variable number gives their gas distinctive thermodynamics.
Bose–Einstein condensation: A phase transition in which a macroscopic number of bosons occupy the lowest-energy state. This is the Bose gas’s characteristic low-temperature transition.
Identical particles: Quantum particles that are fundamentally indistinguishable and cannot be individually labeled. Indistinguishability gives rise to the statistics governing the gas.
Magneto-optical trap: A device that uses laser light and magnetic fields to cool and confine neutral atoms. It provides an early trapping and cooling stage for atomic Bose gases.
Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics: Classical statistics describing particle populations when quantum indistinguishability is negligible. It approximates a Bose gas at high temperature or low density.
Liquid helium-4: A liquid isotope of helium whose atoms are bosons and become superfluid below the lambda point. It is a dense, strongly interacting bosonic system rather than a dilute gas.

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