Bosnian War

The Bosnian War was an armed conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995, fought among Bosnian Serb, Bosniak, and Croat forces amid Yugoslavia’s breakup.

Siege of Sarajevo: A prolonged siege of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s capital by Bosnian Serb forces from 1992 to 1996. The capital’s encirclement became the war’s most enduring urban campaign.
Breakup of Yugoslavia: The dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia into independent states during the 1990s. The federation’s collapse created the political crisis in which Bosnia’s war began.
Alija Izetbegović: A Bosnian political leader who served as president of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the war. He led the internationally recognized Bosnian government through independence, conflict, and peace negotiations.
Ethnic cleansing: The forced removal of an ethnic or religious population from a territory through violence, intimidation, or expulsion. Widespread forced displacement sought to reshape control of territory during the war.
Srebrenica massacre: The July 1995 mass killing of more than 8,000 Bosniak men and boys by Bosnian Serb forces. Its capture and mass killings exposed the failure of the UN safe-area system.
Bosnian independence referendum: A 1992 referendum in which most participating voters supported Bosnia and Herzegovina’s independence from Yugoslavia. The vote became a flashpoint because many Bosnian Serbs boycotted it and rejected its legitimacy.
Radovan Karadžić: A Bosnian Serb political leader convicted of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. As president of Republika Srpska, he directed a central political project of the war.
Bosnian genocide: The genocide established by international courts in connection with the 1995 Srebrenica massacre and related crimes. The legal finding addressed the war’s most extensively adjudicated mass atrocity.
Operation Storm: A Croatian military offensive in August 1995 that retook most Serb-held territory in Croatia. Its aftermath altered regional military calculations before the war’s final phase.
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina: The internationally recognized state that declared independence in 1992 and existed during the Bosnian War. Its claim to sovereign authority stood against competing Serb and Croat territorial projects.

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