Boson

A boson is a particle with integer spin that obeys Bose–Einstein statistics. Identical bosons can occupy the same quantum state, enabling effects such as lasers and Bose–Einstein condensation.

Spin-statistics theorem: A relativistic quantum-field-theory result linking integer spin to Bose–Einstein statistics and half-integer spin to Fermi–Dirac statistics. It explains why bosons, unlike fermions, follow Bose–Einstein statistics.
Integer spin: A spin quantum number equal to an integer multiple of the reduced Planck constant. Integer spin is the defining spin property associated with bosonic statistics.
Laser: A device that produces coherent light through stimulated emission and optical amplification. Stimulated emission adds photons to an already occupied bosonic mode.
Higgs boson: The scalar elementary particle associated with the Higgs field and discovered at CERN in 2012. It is the only confirmed elementary scalar boson in the Standard Model.
Pauli exclusion principle: The rule that identical fermions cannot occupy the same quantum state. It sharply contrasts with the ability of identical bosons to share a state.
Bose–Einstein statistics: The quantum statistics governing indistinguishable particles with integer spin. It determines how bosons populate available quantum states.
Elementary particle: A particle with no known smaller constituents in the current Standard Model of particle physics. Some bosons are elementary, while others are composite.
Superfluidity: A phase of matter that flows without ordinary viscosity and exhibits other macroscopic quantum effects. Bosonic helium-4 becomes superfluid below a critical temperature.
W and Z bosons: The massive elementary particles that mediate the weak interaction. Their spin-one nature makes them bosons that carry a fundamental force.
Fermi–Dirac statistics: The quantum statistics governing indistinguishable particles with half-integer spin. It describes fermions rather than bosons.

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