Bougainville conflict

The Bougainville conflict was an armed separatist war between Papua New Guinea and the Bougainville Revolutionary Army, driven chiefly by demands for independence and disputes over the Panguna copper mine.

Panguna mine: A major copper and gold mine on Bougainville, operated by Bougainville Copper Limited from 1972 until 1989. Disputes over its profits, environmental damage, and land impacts helped ignite the conflict.
Panguna mine blockade: The closure of the Panguna mine in 1989 after attacks and a blockade by mine opponents. It prompted the government’s security response and deprived Papua New Guinea of mine revenue.
Theodore Miriung: A Bougainvillean lawyer and politician who served as premier of the Bougainville Transitional Government from 1995 until his assassination in 1996. He pursued reconciliation and negotiations despite opposition from armed factions.
Burnham Declaration: A 1997 declaration by Bougainvillean leaders and Papua New Guinea representatives supporting a ceasefire and peace negotiations. It marked a breakthrough after years of fighting and helped prepare the way for a formal truce.
Bougainville weapons disposal: The disarmament process for weapons held by former combatants, required by the Bougainville Peace Agreement. Incomplete disposal has remained a point of dispute in assessing the peace agreement’s implementation.
Bougainville Copper Limited: A mining company established to develop and operate the Panguna copper mine. Its operations became the focus of disputes over compensation, ownership, and local control.
Papua New Guinea Defence Force: The military force of Papua New Guinea, deployed against separatists during the Bougainville conflict. Its operations against the BRA escalated fighting and contributed to civilian displacement.
John Momis: A Papua New Guinean politician from Bougainville who became president of the Autonomous Bougainville Government in 2010. He led Bougainville’s postwar autonomous government during the referendum era.
Lincoln Agreement: A 1998 agreement between Papua New Guinea and Bougainvillean representatives that established a ceasefire and framework for peace negotiations. It formalized the truce and set out steps toward weapons disposal and political settlement.
Bougainville independence negotiations: Negotiations between Papua New Guinea and Bougainville over the outcome of the 2019 independence referendum. They must reconcile Bougainville’s vote for independence with Papua New Guinea’s constitutional process.

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