Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in China from 1899 to 1901, led by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists and suppressed by an international military coalition.

Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists: A Chinese martial and religious movement whose members became known as Boxers during the uprising. Its followers supplied the movement’s name, fighters, and spiritual practices.
Empress Dowager Cixi: The Qing dynasty’s powerful regent, who governed China during the Boxer crisis. Her court first opposed the Boxers, then supported war against foreign powers.
Boxer Protocol: The 1901 agreement that ended the Boxer crisis and imposed reparations and other penalties on China. It formalized the uprising’s defeat and burdened China with a large indemnity.
Siege of Tianjin: The 1900 battle in which allied forces captured Tianjin from Qing and Boxer defenders. The city’s capture opened the route from the coast toward Beijing.
Chinese nationalism: Political movements and ideas that emphasize China’s national unity, sovereignty, and collective identity. The uprising became part of later debates over resistance to foreign domination.
Unequal treaties: Agreements imposed on China by foreign powers that granted privileges and curtailed Qing sovereignty. Their restrictions and privileges fueled resentment toward foreign influence.
Siege of the International Legations: The 55-day siege of foreign diplomatic compounds in Beijing during the summer of 1900. The siege prompted the coalition’s armed relief expedition.
Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program: Scholarship programs funded by the return of portions of the Boxer indemnity to China. A portion of the imposed payments later supported Chinese students studying abroad.
Battle of Langfang: A June 1900 battle in which Boxers and Qing forces halted a foreign relief column advancing toward Beijing. Its outcome showed that foreign troops could not initially reach the besieged legations.
Anti-imperialism: Opposition to the political, economic, or military domination of one country by another. The Boxers’ attacks arose amid resistance to foreign privilege and intervention.

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