Braille

Braille is a tactile writing system in which raised-dot patterns represent letters, numbers, punctuation, and other symbols. Its standard cell has six dot positions, with eight-dot forms used in some settings.

Braille cell: A Braille cell is a group of six or eight dot positions arranged in two columns. Its fixed positions form the basic visual and tactile unit of Braille.
Louis Braille: Louis Braille was a French educator who developed the tactile writing system named after him. His redesign made a compact, fingertip-readable code practical for literacy.
Unified English Braille: Unified English Braille is a code used to represent English literary, technical, and mathematical material in Braille. It standardizes many English Braille rules across several kinds of text.
Moon type: Moon type is a tactile reading system made from simplified raised print-like shapes rather than dot cells. It offers a different tactile approach to literacy, especially for some people who find dot patterns difficult.
Braille contractions: Braille contractions use one cell or a sequence of cells to represent letter groups or whole words. Contractions shorten text and require readers to interpret patterns beyond individual letters.
Charles Barbier: Charles Barbier was a French military officer who devised a raised-dot night-writing code for communication without light. His sonography supplied the raised-dot idea that Louis Braille adapted.
Nemeth Braille Code: The Nemeth Braille Code is a system for representing mathematics and technical notation in Braille. Its specialized symbols make complex mathematical expressions readable by touch.
Screen reader: A screen reader is software that presents digital interface content through speech or refreshable Braille output. Speech provides an alternative to tactile reading, while some screen readers also connect to Braille displays.
Braille punctuation: Braille punctuation marks are dot patterns that indicate boundaries and functions such as commas, quotation marks, and question marks. Punctuation extends the code from spelling words to representing written structure.
Night writing: Night writing was Charles Barbier’s raised-dot code intended for silent communication in darkness. This predecessor shows the military purpose behind the system’s tactile origins.

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