Brexit

Brexit is the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union, completed on 31 January 2020, and the political process surrounding that departure.

2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum: A nationwide vote in which 51.9% of participating UK voters chose to leave the European Union. The result gave the UK government its political mandate to begin withdrawal.
David Cameron: A British Conservative politician who served as prime minister from 2010 to 2016. He promised the membership referendum and resigned after the Leave result.
Northern Ireland Protocol: A part of the Brexit withdrawal agreement that set special arrangements for Northern Ireland to avoid a hard border on the island of Ireland. Its checks and trade rules became a major source of political dispute.
European Union: A political and economic union of European countries with shared institutions and common rules in specified areas. Brexit withdrew the UK from this union and its institutional framework.
Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union: The EU treaty provision that sets out how a member state can withdraw from the union. The UK triggered Article 50 in March 2017, starting the formal withdrawal process.
Theresa May: A British Conservative politician who served as prime minister from 2016 to 2019. Her government negotiated the withdrawal agreement but could not secure parliamentary approval.
Windsor Framework: The 2023 UK–EU agreement revising the operation of the Northern Ireland Protocol. It adjusted post-Brexit goods rules and sought to ease concerns in Northern Ireland.
Remain campaign: The political campaign that urged UK voters to remain members of the European Union in the 2016 referendum. It argued against withdrawal and presented an alternative to the Leave campaign.
Brexit negotiations: The negotiations between the United Kingdom and the European Union over withdrawal terms and their future relationship. They produced the withdrawal agreement and framework for post-exit relations.
Boris Johnson: A British Conservative politician who served as prime minister from 2019 to 2022. He secured a revised withdrawal agreement and led the UK through its formal exit.

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