Brian Josephson

Brian Josephson is a British theoretical physicist who predicted quantum tunneling effects between superconductors and shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Philip W. Anderson: Philip W. Anderson was an American theoretical physicist whose work transformed condensed-matter physics. Anderson challenged Josephson’s prediction before experiments confirmed it.
Josephson effect: The Josephson effect is the flow of supercurrent between superconductors through a weak link, including an insulating barrier. This is the phenomenon Josephson predicted in 1962.
SQUID: A SQUID is a superconducting device that uses Josephson junctions to detect extremely small magnetic fields. Its interference response makes Josephson junctions exceptionally sensitive magnetometers.
Josephson relations: The Josephson relations describe how supercurrent and phase difference evolve across a weak link between superconductors. Josephson derived these equations to express the predicted DC and AC effects.
John Bardeen: John Bardeen was an American physicist who co-developed the theory of superconductivity and won two Nobel Prizes in Physics. Bardeen publicly doubted that Josephson tunneling could produce the predicted effects.
Josephson junction: A Josephson junction is a weak link between two superconductors, often separated by a thin insulating layer. It provides the physical structure in which Josephson effects occur.
Josephson voltage standard: A Josephson voltage standard uses microwave-driven junctions to produce a voltage traceable to fundamental constants. Quantized voltage steps make the predicted effect a precise measurement standard.
Josephson's 1962 prediction: Josephson’s 1962 prediction proposed supercurrent tunneling and voltage-driven oscillations between superconductors. The prediction established Josephson’s contribution before experimental verification.
Leo Esaki: Leo Esaki was a Japanese physicist who discovered electron tunneling in semiconductors and shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics. Esaki shared Josephson’s Nobel Prize for discoveries involving tunneling in solids.
Quantum tunneling: Quantum tunneling is the passage of a particle through a barrier that classical physics forbids it to cross. Josephson’s prediction applied tunneling to paired electrons in superconductors.

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