Brønsted–Lowry acid

A Brønsted–Lowry acid is a species that donates a proton to another species. Its acid behavior is defined by proton transfer, not by containing a particular atom or producing hydrogen ions in water.

Brønsted–Lowry acid–base reaction: A reaction in which one species transfers a proton to another, forming conjugate acid–base pairs. The acid acts by donating a proton in this defining reaction.
Proton: A positively charged subatomic particle found in atomic nuclei; in acid–base chemistry, proton transfer usually involves hydrogen nuclei. The acid's defining donation is the transfer of this particle.
Acid–base titration: A quantitative method that determines an analyte's concentration by reacting it with a measured titrant. Titrations use proton-transfer stoichiometry to determine acid concentration.
Lewis acid–base theory: An acid–base framework based on electron-pair acceptance and donation rather than proton transfer. It classifies reactions with no proton transfer that this definition cannot describe.
Conjugate acid–base pair: Two species that differ by one proton and interconvert through proton transfer. After donation, the acid becomes its conjugate base.
Hydronium ion: The positively charged ion H₃O⁺ formed when water accepts a proton. In water, donated protons are carried chiefly by hydrated hydronium species.
Buffer solution: A solution that resists pH change through a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a related pair. A weak acid and its conjugate base absorb added base or acid.
Arrhenius theory: An acid–base framework that defines acids and bases by their effects on hydrogen- and hydroxide-ion concentrations in water. Its aqueous-ion criterion is narrower than the proton-transfer definition.
Acid dissociation constant: An equilibrium constant that quantifies an acid's tendency to donate a proton in a specified solvent. Its value measures how readily an acid transfers its proton.
Conjugate base: The species formed when an acid loses a proton. This is the direct product of the acid's defining donation.

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