Bulk modulus

Bulk modulus measures a material’s resistance to uniform compression. It is the pressure increase divided by the resulting fractional decrease in volume, for a specified thermodynamic condition.

Compressibility: Compressibility measures the fractional volume change of a substance per unit pressure change. It is the reciprocal of bulk modulus under matching conditions.
Stress (mechanics): Stress is internal force per unit area within a material under load. Hydrostatic stress is the pressure-like loading used to measure bulk stiffness.
Speed of sound: Speed of sound is the rate at which small disturbances propagate through a medium. In fluids, it depends on bulk modulus and density.
Isothermal process: An isothermal process is a thermodynamic change that occurs at constant temperature. An isothermal bulk modulus allows heat exchange, unlike the adiabatic value.
Pressure: Pressure is force exerted per unit area on a surface or within a fluid. It is the applied quantity in the bulk-modulus definition.
Strain (mechanics): Strain is the relative deformation of a material caused by applied forces. Volumetric strain is the specific deformation paired with pressure in this modulus.
Hydraulic fluid: Hydraulic fluid transmits power through pressurized liquid in machinery. Its resistance to compression affects the stiffness and response of hydraulic systems.
Adiabatic process: An adiabatic process occurs without heat transfer between a system and its surroundings. An adiabatic bulk modulus applies when compression is too rapid for heat exchange.
Volumetric strain: Volumetric strain is the change in volume divided by the original volume. Bulk modulus relates pressure change to this fractional deformation.
Elastic modulus: An elastic modulus quantifies a material's resistance to a particular kind of elastic deformation. Bulk modulus belongs to this family alongside tensile and shear stiffness measures.

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