Bunkyū

Bunkyū was a Japanese era name used from 1861 to 1864 during Emperor Kōmei’s reign. Its years encompassed political conflict over foreign relations and imperial authority.

Japanese era name: A Japanese calendar designation that names a period of an emperor’s reign or a significant event. Bunkyū was one such designation, replacing Man'en in 1861.
Sonnō jōi: A political slogan meaning “revere the emperor, expel the barbarians,” prominent in late Edo-period Japan. Its adherents challenged the shogunate during Bunkyū.
Bunkyū Reforms: A set of 1862 reforms by the Tokugawa shogunate addressing its administration and relations with the imperial court. They were named for the era and responded to its political crisis.
Keiō: A Japanese era name used from 1865 to 1868. Keiō followed Genji and continued the late-shogunate period after Bunkyū.
Man'en: A Japanese era name used from 1860 to 1861. Man'en immediately preceded Bunkyū in Japan’s era-name sequence.
Sakuradamon Incident: The 1860 assassination of Ii Naosuke outside Edo Castle by anti-shogunate samurai. Its aftermath intensified political violence carried into Bunkyū.
Bunkyū Restoration: A 1863 Tokugawa policy that strengthened the shogunate’s military organization and asserted political authority. This policy was carried out during Bunkyū.
Meiji: A Japanese era name beginning in 1868 with the reign of Emperor Meiji. Meiji marks the imperial transition that followed the political conflicts of Bunkyū.
Genji (era): A Japanese era name used from 1864 to 1865. Genji immediately followed Bunkyū, beginning in 1864.
Namamugi Incident: A 1862 attack by Japanese samurai on British travelers near Yokohama. The incident heightened foreign tensions during Bunkyū.

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