Arab–Byzantine wars

The Arab–Byzantine wars were a series of military conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and Arab states from the seventh through the twelfth centuries, fought across the eastern Mediterranean and its borderlands.

Thughur: Fortified frontier districts along the Byzantine-Arab border, especially in southeastern Anatolia. These borderlands organized recurring raids and garrison warfare between the empires.
Early Muslim conquests: The seventh-century expansion of Muslim rule across the Middle East, North Africa, and beyond. These conquests brought Arab armies into conflict with Byzantine provinces.
Siege of Constantinople (674–678): An Umayyad naval campaign against Constantinople that failed after several years of fighting. Its failure preserved the Byzantine capital during the first major Arab siege.
Abbasid Caliphate: The caliphate ruled by the Abbasid dynasty from 750 to 1258. Abbasid rulers continued frontier warfare after overthrowing the Umayyads.
Cilician Gates: A mountain pass through the Taurus range connecting Cilicia with central Anatolia. Armies and raiders crossed this strategic passage between the Arab frontier and Byzantine heartlands.
Battle of Yarmouk: A 636 battle in which Muslim forces defeated a Byzantine army in Syria. The defeat enabled the loss of Byzantine control over Syria and Palestine.
Battle of Akroinon: A 740 Byzantine victory over an Umayyad army in western Anatolia. The battle checked a major invasion and strengthened Byzantine defense in Anatolia.
Hamdanid dynasty: A tenth-century Arab dynasty that ruled parts of northern Syria and Upper Mesopotamia. Hamdanid emir Sayf al-Dawla led prominent campaigns against Byzantium before suffering defeats.
Siege of Constantinople (717–718): The Umayyad siege of Constantinople that ended in Byzantine victory in 718. The failed siege halted a major Arab attempt to capture the imperial capital.
Arab conquest of Egypt: The seventh-century transfer of Egypt from Byzantine to Muslim rule. Egypt’s conquest removed a wealthy Byzantine province and reshaped the eastern Mediterranean balance.

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