Byzantine–Ottoman Wars

A series of conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman state from the late thirteenth century to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453.

Siege of Constantinople (1453): The 1453 siege in which Ottoman forces captured Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire. The wars’ decisive final campaign brought the Byzantine capital under Ottoman rule.
Battle of Bapheus: A 1302 battle in which Osman I’s forces defeated a Byzantine army near Nicomedia. The Ottoman victory helped establish a durable foothold in Byzantine Anatolia.
Mehmed II: The Ottoman sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453 and expanded Ottoman rule across the region. His preparations and command brought the wars to their decisive conclusion.
Ottoman conquest of Constantinople: The Ottoman capture of Constantinople in 1453 and its incorporation into the Ottoman realm. It converted the Byzantine capital into the center of an expanding Ottoman empire.
Battle of Nicopolis: A 1396 battle in which Ottoman forces defeated a crusading army near Nicopolis on the Danube. The Ottoman victory weakened hopes that a Western crusade could reverse their Balkan advance.
Osman I: The founder of the Ottoman dynasty and ruler of a small principality in northwestern Anatolia. His principality began the expansion that brought the Ottoman state into conflict with Byzantium.
Constantine XI Palaiologos: The last Byzantine emperor, killed defending Constantinople during the Ottoman siege of 1453. His reign and death embody the Byzantine side of the final campaign.
Byzantine Empire: The medieval Greek-speaking continuation of the Roman Empire, centered on Constantinople. The wars ended this empire after centuries of political and territorial decline.
Battle of Kosovo (1389): A 1389 battle between Ottoman forces and a coalition of Serbian-led armies in the Kosovo field. The battle marked a turning point in Ottoman expansion through Byzantine-influenced southeastern Europe.
Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologoi: The Byzantine Empire ruled by the Palaiologos dynasty from 1261 until Constantinople’s capture in 1453. The dynasty’s reduced empire faced the Ottoman rise across Anatolia and the Balkans.

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