Byzantine–Sasanian War

The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 was a conflict between the Byzantine and Sasanian empires that ended with both sides exhausted and their prewar borders restored.

Khosrow II’s invasion of the Byzantine Empire: The Sasanian campaign that conquered Byzantine territories in the Levant, Egypt, and Anatolia during the early seventh century. It drove the war’s major territorial gains before Heraclius’s counteroffensive.
Byzantine–Sasanian relations: The diplomatic and military relationship between the Byzantine and Sasanian empires from the third through seventh centuries. Their recurring rivalry provided the political setting for the war.
Heraclius: Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641, known for leading the empire through its war with the Sasanians. His campaigns transformed a near-collapse into a Byzantine recovery.
Byzantine–Arab Wars: The seventh- and eighth-century conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the early Islamic caliphates. The Arab conquests began soon after the war left both imperial rivals depleted.
Siege of Constantinople (626): The failed siege of Constantinople by Avar, Slavic, and Sasanian forces in 626. Its failure blocked a coordinated assault on the Byzantine capital during the war.
Maurice (emperor): Byzantine emperor from 582 to 602, deposed and killed during a military revolt. Khosrow II used Maurice’s overthrow as the stated reason for invading Byzantine territory.
Shahrbaraz: A Sasanian general who led major campaigns against the Byzantine Empire and later briefly ruled Persia. His military victories and later dealings with Heraclius affected the war’s final phase.
Muslim conquest of Persia: The seventh-century conquest of the Sasanian Empire by the Rashidun Caliphate. Sasanian political collapse followed within years of the costly peace with Byzantium.
Battle of Nineveh (627): A Byzantine victory over Sasanian forces near Nineveh in December 627, during Heraclius’s campaign in Mesopotamia. Heraclius’s victory helped trigger the overthrow of Khosrow II.
Phocas: Byzantine emperor from 602 to 610, who seized power after a military revolt against Maurice. His coup and rule gave Khosrow II an opening to begin the war.

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