Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591

A prolonged conflict between the Byzantine and Sasanian empires, fought across the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus and concluded in 591 with a Byzantine victory and the restoration of Khosrow II.

Byzantine–Sasanian frontier: A long borderland between the Byzantine and Sasanian empires, stretching from the upper Euphrates to the Caucasus. Fighting repeatedly shifted along this contested boundary and its fortified approaches.
Dara: A fortified Byzantine city in northern Mesopotamia, captured by the Sasanians in 573. Its fall was an early major Byzantine loss and sharpened the frontier conflict.
Hormizd IV: Sasanian king from 579 to 590, whose rule ended in a palace coup and deposition. His overthrow destabilized Sasanian leadership and preceded Khosrow’s flight.
Treaty of 591: The peace settlement ending the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 and granting Byzantium territory in the Caucasus. It formalized Khosrow II’s restoration and the territorial gains behind the Byzantine victory.
Roman–Persian Wars: A series of conflicts between the Roman and Persian empires and their successors over territory and influence. This war continued a centuries-long contest between the empires.
Nisibis: An ancient city in northern Mesopotamia that served as a major Sasanian stronghold near the Byzantine frontier. Its strategic position made control of the surrounding Mesopotamian corridor a persistent issue.
John Mystacon: A Byzantine general who commanded forces in the eastern war during the reign of Maurice. His campaigns formed part of the Byzantine military effort before the 591 intervention.
Byzantine Armenia: The parts of Armenia placed under Byzantine rule, especially after territorial changes in late antiquity. Territories transferred under the peace expanded Byzantine influence in Armenia.
Armenia in the Late Antiquity: A kingdom and contested frontier region between the Roman and Persian empires in late antiquity. Armenian revolts and loyalties shaped the war’s Caucasian front.
Lazic War: A Byzantine–Sasanian conflict in the Caucasus and Lazica from 541 to 562, ended by a truce. Its settlement preceded the renewed hostilities and left tensions unresolved.

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