Calorie restriction

Calorie restriction is a sustained reduction in energy intake that avoids malnutrition. It is studied for its effects on health, aging, and lifespan.

Energy balance: The relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure in an organism. Calorie restriction creates a sustained energy deficit while the body adapts its expenditure.
Biosphere 2: A sealed ecological research facility in Arizona used for experiments in self-sustaining habitats. The first mission's food shortage led participants to experience prolonged, unplanned energy restriction.
Intermittent fasting: Eating patterns that alternate periods of eating with periods of fasting or markedly reduced intake. It changes when people eat, rather than necessarily lowering average energy intake.
Dietary restriction: A broad reduction or limitation of food intake, nutrients, or particular foods. Calorie restriction is one specific form, defined by reduced energy intake without malnutrition.
AMP-activated protein kinase: A cellular enzyme that senses low energy availability and regulates metabolism. Energy stress during restriction can activate this metabolic sensor.
CALERIE: A clinical research program testing calorie restriction in healthy adults without obesity. Its randomized trials provide controlled evidence on human restriction over two years.
Time-restricted eating: An eating pattern that confines daily food intake to a set time window. It can reduce calorie intake, though its defining feature is meal timing.
Protein restriction: A reduction in dietary protein intake, which may occur without reducing total calories. It targets a nutrient rather than energy intake and can produce distinct biological effects.
mTOR: A protein kinase that regulates cell growth, protein synthesis, and responses to nutrients. Reduced nutrient signaling can suppress mTOR activity and alter cellular maintenance.
Wisconsin National Primate Research Center calorie restriction study: A long-term study of calorie restriction in rhesus monkeys at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center. Its findings linked restriction with improved health and initially suggested longer survival.

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