Capital market

A financial system where businesses and governments raise and trade long-term funds through securities such as stocks and bonds.

Primary market: The market where newly issued securities are sold by issuers to investors. Companies and governments obtain new long-term funding when securities are first sold.
Equity security: A financial instrument representing an ownership claim in an entity. Equity lets businesses raise funds without promising repayment of principal.
Corporate finance: The management of a company's funding, investment, and financial decisions. Capital markets are a major source of external funding for corporate decisions.
Money market: A market for short-term borrowing and lending, usually involving instruments with maturities under one year. It handles short-term funding rather than the long-term finance associated with capital markets.
Capital formation: The accumulation of resources used to produce goods and services. Capital markets channel savings into investment in businesses and public projects.
Secondary market: The market where investors trade securities that have already been issued. Resale gives investors liquidity without sending proceeds to the original issuer.
Debt security: A tradable claim requiring a borrower to make specified payments to its holder. Debt securities are a central way issuers borrow long-term funds.
Sovereign debt: The debt obligations of a national government. Governments use capital markets to borrow from domestic and international investors.
Bank loan: A sum of money lent by a bank to a borrower under agreed repayment terms. Bank lending is a direct financing channel, unlike funding through traded securities.
Liquidity: The ability to buy or sell an asset quickly without substantially changing its price. Tradable securities can make long-term investments easier to resell.

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