Carbonyl compound

A carbonyl compound is an organic compound containing a carbon–oxygen double bond. Aldehydes and ketones are familiar examples; carboxylic acids and their derivatives also contain carbonyl groups.

Carbonyl group: A functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. It is the defining structural unit present in every carbonyl compound.
Nucleophilic addition: A reaction in which a nucleophile adds across a polarized multiple bond, often a carbonyl bond. Aldehydes and ketones commonly undergo this reaction at their carbonyl carbon.
Aldol reaction: A carbon–carbon bond-forming reaction between enol or enolate species and carbonyl compounds. It turns carbonyl starting materials into larger molecules with new carbon–carbon bonds.
Aldehyde: A carbonyl compound in which the carbonyl carbon is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. Aldehydes are one of the principal classes of carbonyl compounds.
Functional group: A specific arrangement of atoms in a molecule that gives it characteristic chemical properties. Carbonyl compounds are classified by their shared functional group.
Nucleophilic acyl substitution: A reaction in which a nucleophile replaces a leaving group attached to an acyl carbon. Carboxylic acid derivatives favor substitution because their carbonyl carbon bears a leaving group.
Grignard reaction: A carbon–carbon bond-forming reaction using an organomagnesium halide reagent. Grignard reagents add to carbonyl compounds to build alcohols with new carbon frameworks.
Ketone: A carbonyl compound whose carbonyl carbon is bonded to two carbon-containing groups. Ketones form the other familiar class of simple carbonyl compounds.
Electronegativity: A measure of an atom's tendency to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond. Oxygen's greater electronegativity polarizes the carbonyl bond.
Enolization: The conversion of a carbonyl compound into an enol through transfer of an alpha hydrogen. It links carbonyl chemistry to reactions at the adjacent alpha carbon.

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