Cardiopulmonary bypass

Cardiopulmonary bypass temporarily routes blood through an external pump and oxygenator to maintain circulation and oxygenation while the heart is stopped or bypassed.

Heart-lung machine: A device that pumps and oxygenates blood outside the body during cardiac surgery. Its pump, oxygenator, and tubing form the extracorporeal circuit.
Coronary artery bypass surgery: Surgery that uses grafts to route blood around narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. Conventional operations often use bypass to provide a still, bloodless surgical field.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome: A widespread inflammatory response that can follow infection, injury, or other major physiological stress. Contact with the bypass circuit can trigger systemic inflammation after surgery.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Prolonged extracorporeal support that oxygenates blood and assists circulation in severe cardiac or respiratory failure. Unlike surgical bypass, ECMO is generally designed for support beyond the operating room.
John Heysham Gibbon: An American surgeon who developed the heart-lung machine and performed the first successful operation using it. His machine enabled the first successful clinical use of cardiopulmonary bypass in 1953.
Membrane oxygenator: A device that transfers oxygen into blood and removes carbon dioxide across a semipermeable membrane. It performs the gas exchange normally carried out by the lungs.
Heart valve repair: Surgery that restores the function of a heart valve without replacing it. Surgeons commonly use bypass to open and repair valves inside the heart.
Hemodilution: A reduction in blood-cell and protein concentrations caused by adding fluid to the circulation. Circuit priming fluid dilutes the patient's blood, sometimes lowering hematocrit.
Off-pump surgery: Surgery performed without placing the patient on cardiopulmonary bypass. It avoids the heart-lung machine but does not suit every cardiac operation.
Cecilia Gibbon: An American surgical researcher who collaborated with John Gibbon on developing the heart-lung machine. Her engineering and experimental work helped make the bypass apparatus practical.

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