Ancient Carthage

Ancient Carthage was a Phoenician-founded city near present-day Tunis that became a powerful Mediterranean state and Rome’s rival before its destruction in 146 BCE.

Carthaginian Empire: A network of territories and dependencies dominated by Carthage across parts of North Africa, Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain. Its reach made a North African city a major western Mediterranean power.
Phoenicians: An ancient Semitic-speaking people of the Levant known for maritime trade and city-states such as Tyre and Sidon. Phoenician settlers founded Carthage and brought its earliest language and traditions.
Hannibal: A Carthaginian general who invaded Italy during the Second Punic War and won major victories against Rome. His campaign became the best-known challenge to Roman power by Carthage.
Third Punic War: The Roman war against Carthage from 149 to 146 BCE, ending with the city’s capture and destruction. This final conflict brought the independent city-state to an end.
Roman Republic: The ancient Roman state governed through elected magistrates, assemblies, and the Senate before the establishment of imperial rule. Its civic institutions and expansion brought it into sustained competition with Carthage.
Carthaginian navy: The fleet and naval institutions through which Carthage protected commerce and projected power at sea. Naval strength connected Carthage’s ports, colonies, and battlefields.
Dido: The legendary founder and first queen of Carthage in Greek and Roman accounts. Her story became the classical literary explanation for the city’s founding.
Hamilcar Barca: A Carthaginian general who fought Rome in the First Punic War and expanded Carthaginian power in Spain. His Spanish campaigns helped build the resources later used by Hannibal.
Roman Africa: The Roman province established in North Africa after Carthage’s defeat in 146 BCE. Roman rule replaced Carthage’s state and reorganized its former territory.
Tyre: An ancient Phoenician city-state on the coast of present-day Lebanon and a major maritime power. Tyre was Carthage’s influential Phoenician metropolis and a point of comparison.

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