Cartilage

Cartilage is firm, flexible connective tissue whose cells sit in an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other molecules. It supports body structures and cushions joints.

Chondrocyte: A mature cartilage cell that maintains the tissue’s extracellular matrix. Chondrocytes make and maintain the matrix that gives cartilage its properties.
Avascularity: The absence of blood vessels within a tissue. Cartilage depends on diffusion rather than direct blood supply.
Articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones in synovial joints. It provides a smooth, low-friction surface that distributes joint loads.
Osteoarthritis: A joint disease involving cartilage deterioration and changes in surrounding bone and tissues. Loss and damage of articular cartilage contribute to pain and impaired joint function.
Chondroblast: An immature cartilage-forming cell that secretes extracellular matrix. Chondroblasts produce matrix as cartilage develops and grows.
Interstitial growth: Tissue growth from cell division and matrix production within the tissue itself. Cartilage can expand from within as chondrocytes divide and secrete matrix.
Intervertebral disc: A fibrocartilaginous structure between adjacent vertebrae that permits movement and absorbs loads. Its cartilage-rich components cushion forces between vertebrae.
Chondromalacia patellae: Softening and damage of the cartilage on the underside of the kneecap. It is a localized example of articular cartilage damage.
Extracellular matrix: The noncellular material surrounding cells, composed of proteins, carbohydrates, and other molecules. Cartilage’s matrix bears much of the tissue’s mechanical load.
Appositional growth: Tissue growth by adding new layers at an existing surface. Cartilage can grow outward when cells at its surface add matrix.

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