Cato the Elder

Cato the Elder was a Roman statesman, soldier, and author who championed traditional Roman values and served as censor from 184 to 149 BCE.

Scipio Africanus: Scipio Africanus was a Roman general who defeated Hannibal in the Second Punic War. Cato opposed Scipio’s influence and criticized his conduct during and after the war.
Roman censorship: Roman censorship was a magistracy responsible for the census, public contracts, and aspects of civic morality. Cato used the office to revise the Senate’s membership and discipline elite conduct.
Roman magistrate: A Roman magistrate was an elected official who exercised public authority for a limited term. Cato’s rise depended on holding successive magistracies, culminating in the consulship and censorship.
De agri cultura: De agri cultura is Cato’s surviving Latin handbook on estate management, farming, and household production. It is the oldest surviving work of Latin prose and a direct record of Cato’s practical concerns.
Third Punic War: The Third Punic War was Rome’s final war against Carthage, ending with the city’s destruction in 146 BCE. It fulfilled the policy Cato pressed in the final years of his life.
Hannibal: Hannibal was a Carthaginian general who led the invasion of Italy during the Second Punic War. Cato’s repeated demand to destroy Carthage arose from Rome’s enduring fear of Hannibal’s city.
Roman Senate: The Roman Senate was the Republic’s governing council, composed chiefly of former magistrates. As censor, Cato could review and remove senators from its rolls.
Roman consul: A Roman consul was one of two annually elected chief magistrates who led armies and presided over government. Cato held the consulship in 195 BCE and commanded Roman forces in Spain.
Carthago delenda est: Carthago delenda est is the Latin phrase meaning “Carthage must be destroyed,” traditionally associated with Cato. The slogan captures his effort to make Carthage’s destruction a recurring political demand.
Destruction of Carthage: The destruction of Carthage was Rome’s capture and razing of the city in 146 BCE. Cato’s anti-Carthaginian advocacy became associated with this decisive Roman act.

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