Cell death

Cell death is the irreversible loss of a cell’s ability to maintain its functions. It occurs through regulated programs or uncontrolled injury.

Apoptosis: A regulated cell-death process marked by orderly dismantling of the cell, usually without provoking inflammation. Its controlled dismantling is a principal regulated route to cell death.
Caspase: A cysteine protease that cleaves target proteins and participates in apoptosis and inflammatory signaling. Caspases execute apoptosis and activate some inflammatory death pathways.
Cancer therapy: Medical treatment intended to eliminate cancer cells or control their growth. Many treatments aim to trigger death in tumor cells, while resistance can prevent it.
Cell injury: Structural or functional damage to a cell that may be reversible or progress to death. Cell death is the irreversible endpoint of some, but not all, cellular injury.
Necrosis: Cell death involving loss of membrane integrity and release of cellular contents, often after severe injury. It exemplifies cell death caused by uncontrolled damage.
BCL-2 family: A family of proteins that regulates mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization and intrinsic apoptosis. Its opposing members determine whether mitochondria commit a cell to apoptosis.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury: Tissue damage caused when blood supply returns after a period of oxygen deprivation. Restored oxygen and inflammation can intensify cell death after ischemia.
Cellular senescence: A durable state of cell-cycle arrest in which a cell remains metabolically active. Senescent cells stop dividing but remain alive, unlike cells undergoing death.
Necroptosis: A regulated form of lytic cell death mediated chiefly by RIPK3 and MLKL signaling. It combines regulated signaling with the membrane rupture associated with necrosis.
Mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization: The formation of pores in the mitochondrial outer membrane that releases pro-death proteins into the cytosol. This event often marks the point of no return in intrinsic apoptosis.

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