Champa

Champa was a collection of Cham polities that occupied parts of central and southern Vietnam from the second century until the nineteenth century. Its coastal kingdoms connected local centers to wider Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian trade networks.

Lâm Ấp: Lâm Ấp was an early polity in central Vietnam, often treated as an antecedent of Champa. Chinese records use this name for an early political center associated with Champa’s emergence.
Vijaya: Vijaya was a major Cham political center near present-day Quy Nhơn in central Vietnam. It became a leading center of Champa before its conquest by Đại Việt in 1471.
Po Binasuor: Po Binasuor, also known as Chế Bồng Nga, was a Cham ruler who fought Đại Việt in the fourteenth century. His campaigns mark a period when Cham forces repeatedly threatened the Vietnamese capital.
Đại Việt: Đại Việt was the Vietnamese state that expanded southward from the Red River region over many centuries. Its southward expansion absorbed Cham lands and culminated in Vijaya’s fall in 1471.
Sa Huỳnh culture: The Sa Huỳnh culture was an Iron Age archaeological culture of coastal central Vietnam and nearby regions. Its coastal communities preceded Champa, though their relationship to Cham identity remains debated.
Indrapura: Indrapura was a Cham political center in the region of present-day Quảng Nam, Vietnam. Its prominence shows how Champa’s centers shifted along the central Vietnamese coast.
Che Man: Che Man was a Cham king who married a daughter of the Trần dynasty in 1306. The marriage brought the provinces of Ô and Lý under Đại Việt’s control.
Nam tiến: Nam tiến is the long-term southward expansion of Vietnamese political control into central and southern Vietnam. This expansion progressively reduced Champa’s territory and incorporated its former lands.
Mỹ Sơn: Mỹ Sơn is a complex of Hindu temples built by Cham rulers in central Vietnam. Its inscriptions and monuments document the religious and political history of Champa’s inland centers.
Cham ports: Cham ports were coastal settlements that connected central Vietnam with regional maritime trade. Trade and port revenues supported rulers while drawing Champa into wider commercial networks.

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