Charles Nicolle

Charles Nicolle (1866–1936) was a French physician and microbiologist who showed that body lice transmit epidemic typhus. He received the 1928 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Alexandre Yersin: A Swiss-French physician and bacteriologist who identified the bacterium responsible for plague. Like Nicolle, Yersin linked a major epidemic disease to its infectious agent.
Epidemic typhus: A severe infection caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and usually transmitted by body lice. This was the disease whose transmission Nicolle demonstrated.
Rouen: A city in Normandy, France, where Nicolle was born in 1866. Nicolle’s early life began in this French city.
Delousing: The removal or killing of lice from people, clothing, or bedding. Removing body lice became a direct way to interrupt the transmission Nicolle identified.
Paul-Louis Simond: A French physician who demonstrated that fleas transmit plague between rats and humans. His vector-transmission research paralleled Nicolle’s work on lice and typhus.
Body louse: A human-feeding louse that lives mainly in clothing and can transmit epidemic typhus. Nicolle identified this insect as the disease’s vector.
Institut Pasteur de Tunis: A biomedical research institute founded in Tunis in 1893. Nicolle directed the institute while conducting his typhus research.
Rickettsiology: The study of rickettsiae and the diseases they cause. Nicolle’s transmission discovery helped define a central problem in this field.
Howard Taylor Ricketts: An American pathologist whose research established the role of rickettsiae in typhus and other diseases. His investigations advanced the microbial explanation of typhus that Nicolle helped establish.
Rickettsia prowazekii: An obligate intracellular bacterium that causes epidemic typhus. The bacterium is the infectious agent carried by the lice Nicolle studied.

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TyphusRelated: His experiments established the body louse as the epidemic typhus vector.