Charles Sanders Peirce

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who founded pragmatism and developed a distinctive theory of signs and reasoning.

Pragmatic maxim: A rule for clarifying a concept by identifying the conceivable practical effects of its object. Peirce formulated it as the core method of his pragmatism.
Deduction: Inference in which a conclusion follows necessarily from stated premises. Peirce distinguished deduction from the hypothesis-forming and testing stages of inquiry.
Harvard University: A university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, founded in 1636. Peirce studied chemistry there and later taught logic in its philosophical circles.
Josiah Royce: An American idealist philosopher who engaged deeply with Peirce’s logic and theory of signs. Royce helped preserve interest in Peirce’s thought and developed related ideas about interpretation.
Pragmatism: A philosophical tradition that assesses ideas through their practical consequences and role in inquiry. Peirce coined the name and gave the movement its original pragmatic method.
Semiotics: The study of signs, their objects, and the interpretive effects through which they signify. Peirce developed a broad theory of signs as part of his account of thought.
Induction: Inference from observed cases that estimates patterns or tests general claims. Peirce assigned induction the role of testing hypotheses through experience.
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey: A federal agency that conducted geodetic and astronomical surveys of the United States. Peirce’s scientific work there shaped his views on measurement and experimental reasoning.
Victoria Lady Welby: A British philosopher and semiotician who corresponded with Peirce about signs and meaning. Their correspondence sharpened Peirce’s later discussions of signification.
Predicate logic: A formal system that represents relations and quantification beyond propositional logic. Peirce independently developed quantificational notation that anticipated modern predicate logic.

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