Charles V of France

King of France from 1364 to 1380, Charles V strengthened royal government and recovered much of the territory England had gained during the Hundred Years’ War.

Hundred Years’ War: A series of conflicts between England and France from 1337 to 1453 over territory and dynastic claims. Charles’s strategy reversed English gains during this wider conflict.
Bertrand du Guesclin: A Breton military commander who served the French crown during the Hundred Years’ War. Charles entrusted him with campaigns that retook territory from English forces.
Philip VI of France: King of France from 1328 to 1350 and the first Valois monarch. His accession began the Valois rule that Charles later strengthened.
Jean de Vienne: A French admiral who served the crown during the Hundred Years’ War. His naval command supported Charles’s efforts to challenge English power at sea.
Charles VI of France: King of France from 1380 to 1422, whose reign was marked by mental illness and civil conflict. Charles V’s son inherited a more secure kingdom but struggled to preserve its unity.
Compagnie des Grandes: Bands of mercenaries that ravaged France during truces in the Hundred Years’ War. Charles redirected these unemployed fighters toward campaigns in Castile.
John II of France: King of France from 1350 to 1364, captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers. Charles governed as regent and then succeeded his imprisoned father.
Bureau de la Rivière: A French royal adviser and chamberlain who served Charles V and his son Charles VI. He belonged to the trusted circle through which Charles managed royal affairs.
Valois dynasty: A branch of the Capetian dynasty that ruled France from 1328 to 1589. Charles’s reign consolidated Valois rule during the Hundred Years’ War.
French royal finances: The revenues and fiscal institutions used by the French monarchy to fund government and warfare. Regular taxation gave Charles resources for defense and sustained military operations.

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