Chelsea Manning

Chelsea Manning is a former U.S. Army intelligence analyst who disclosed classified military and diplomatic documents to WikiLeaks in 2010. The disclosures became a major case in debates over government secrecy, whistleblowing, and press freedom.

WikiLeaks: A publisher of leaked documents founded by Julian Assange and others in 2006. Manning sent the classified files to WikiLeaks, which published much of the material.
Classified information: Government information restricted from public access under a formal security classification system. The files Manning disclosed were protected by U.S. classification rules.
Julian Assange: An Australian publisher and activist who founded WikiLeaks. Assange’s organization received and published Manning’s disclosures.
Edward Snowden: A former U.S. intelligence contractor who disclosed documents about National Security Agency surveillance in 2013. Snowden’s later disclosures also concerned classified information but centered on surveillance programs.
United States v. Manning: The 2013 court-martial that convicted Manning of multiple offenses for disclosing classified information. This trial determined the criminal consequences of Manning’s disclosures.
Intelligence analyst: A specialist who evaluates information to produce assessments for decision-makers. Manning’s Army role provided authorized access to large collections of intelligence and diplomatic records.
Barack Obama: The 44th president of the United States, serving from 2009 to 2017. Obama commuted Manning’s prison sentence shortly before leaving office in 2017.
Daniel Ellsberg: A former U.S. military analyst who leaked the Pentagon Papers to newspapers in 1971. Ellsberg’s case is a prominent earlier comparison involving leaked military records and press publication.
Freedom of the press: The principle that media should be able to publish information without government censorship or retaliation. The case raised questions about whether and how publishers can be prosecuted for receiving classified material.
Secret Internet Protocol Router Network: A U.S. Department of Defense network for transmitting classified information up to the Secret level. Manning accessed classified materials through military information systems.

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