Chilean War of Independence

The conflict in which Chilean patriots fought Spanish royalist forces to end Spanish rule and establish an independent Chile, mainly from 1810 to 1826.

Battle of Rancagua: The 1814 battle in which royalist forces defeated Chilean patriot troops at Rancagua. The defeat ended the Patria Vieja and drove patriot leaders into exile.
Peninsular War: The 1807–1814 conflict in which Napoleon’s forces occupied Spain and provoked a crisis of royal authority. The captive Spanish monarch left colonial governments debating who could legitimately rule.
Bernardo O'Higgins: A Chilean independence leader who commanded patriot forces and became Chile’s supreme director. His military leadership and government connected the struggle for independence with the new state.
Chilean Declaration of Independence: The declaration formally proclaiming Chile’s independence from Spain, dated 1 January 1818 and sworn publicly on 12 February. It gave formal political expression to the sovereignty the patriot armies were fighting to secure.
Royalism in Spanish America: Political and military allegiance to the Spanish monarchy in the Spanish American independence era. Royalist forces in Chile fought to preserve the authority the patriot movement rejected.
Battle of Chacabuco: The 1817 battle in which the Army of the Andes defeated royalist forces north of Santiago. Its victory enabled patriots to retake Santiago and begin the Patria Nueva.
Juntas of Spanish America: Local governing bodies formed across Spanish America during the crisis of the Spanish monarchy beginning in 1808. Chile’s 1810 junta was part of a wider response to the same imperial legitimacy crisis.
José de San Martín: An Argentine general who organized the Army of the Andes and led campaigns against Spanish rule in South America. He planned the crossing of the Andes and the campaign that liberated Santiago.
Supreme Director of Chile: The executive office that governed Chile during the early years of independence. O'Higgins used this office to direct the new state after patriot forces took Santiago.
Argentine War of Independence: The conflict from 1810 to 1818 in which the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata broke from Spanish rule. Its forces and leaders helped launch the Army of the Andes across the Chilean frontier.

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