China–United States trade war

An economic conflict that began in 2018, in which the United States and China imposed tariffs and other trade restrictions on each other.

Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974: A US law provision authorizing trade measures against foreign practices found to burden or restrict US commerce. The Trump administration used it to justify tariffs on Chinese imports.
United States–China trade relations: The economic and policy relationship shaped by trade between the United States and China. The conflict emerged within a much larger bilateral trading relationship.
Trade diversion: The redirection of trade toward suppliers or markets outside a country targeted by trade barriers. Importers shifted some sourcing away from China to avoid US tariffs.
United States–Japan trade conflict: A series of US trade disputes with Japan, especially over automobiles, semiconductors, and market access, during the late twentieth century. It offers an earlier comparison for managing trade tensions between major economies.
United States tariffs on China: Additional US duties on selected goods imported from China, imposed during the trade conflict. These duties were the conflict’s central US measure.
China–United States trade deficit: The excess of US imports from China over US exports to China in a given period. The US administration cited the bilateral deficit as evidence of an unfair relationship.
Global value chain: A production network in which different stages of making a good occur across multiple countries. Tariffs disrupted cross-border production links that connected Chinese and US firms.
WTO dispute settlement: The World Trade Organization process for resolving disputes over members’ trade obligations. The conflict relied heavily on unilateral tariffs rather than resolving disputes through WTO rulings.
Chinese tariffs on United States goods: Additional Chinese duties on selected goods imported from the United States. China’s retaliatory duties targeted US exports after US tariff rounds.
Intellectual property in China: The laws, institutions, and practices governing intellectual property rights in China. US complaints about protection and transfer of technology helped motivate the investigation.

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