Chinese annexation of Tibet

The incorporation of Tibet into the People’s Republic of China, formalized by the Seventeen Point Agreement in 1951 amid competing claims over sovereignty and consent.

Tibet–China relations: The changing political, cultural, and diplomatic relationship between Tibet and Chinese states. The incorporation belongs to a longer history of contested authority between Tibet and China.
Battle of Chamdo: The 1950 military campaign in eastern Tibet that ended with the People’s Liberation Army taking Chamdo. The defeat weakened Tibet’s bargaining position before negotiations.
Tibetan uprising of 1959: The revolt against Chinese rule centered in Lhasa in March 1959, followed by the Dalai Lama’s flight into exile. The uprising ended the agreement’s already strained arrangement in Tibet.
Tibetan government-in-exile: The Tibetan administration established in India after the Dalai Lama fled Tibet in 1959. It rejects the agreement as imposed under duress and contests Chinese rule over Tibet.
Tibet under the Qing dynasty: The period when Qing emperors exercised varying degrees of influence over Tibet from the eighteenth century to 1912. Chinese claims to historical authority drew partly on Qing-era relations with Tibet.
Seventeen Point Agreement: The 1951 agreement in which Tibetan and Chinese representatives accepted the incorporation of Tibet into the People’s Republic of China. It provided the formal framework for Beijing’s claimed sovereignty and promised Tibetan autonomy.
1959 Tibetan exile: The flight of the Dalai Lama and thousands of Tibetans into exile after the 1959 uprising. Exile created a lasting Tibetan political community outside Chinese-ruled Tibet.
One China: The principle that there is one Chinese state, though its political interpretation differs among governments. Beijing’s account treats Tibet as part of China, unlike Tibetan claims of prior independence.
Fall of the Qing dynasty: The collapse of China’s Qing dynasty in 1911–1912 and the establishment of the Republic of China. The Qing collapse left Tibet’s status disputed as Chinese central authority receded.
People's Liberation Army: The armed forces of the Chinese Communist Party and, after 1949, the People’s Republic of China. Its advance into Tibet supplied the military pressure behind negotiations.

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History of TibetRelated: It ended the period of de facto independence and brought Tibet under Chinese administration.